[TimorLesteStudies] New publication: Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor - 1940s to the early 1970s

Bu Wilson Bu.Wilson at anu.edu.au
Tue Jan 22 13:25:41 EST 2008


Chamberlain, E. (2007)"Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor
- 1940s to the early 1970s"

This new publication is a revised and expanded edition of a similarly-titled
monograph that Ernie Chamberlain published in 2005 - and includes new
material from field interviews in 2006 and 2007 in Dili (former "1959
rebels", Mari Alkatiri et al) and in Viqueque ("elders").

A copy will be available in ANU library but it is not yet catalogued. A copy
will be available in the National Library of Australia which has catalogued
it but it is listed as not yet in collection.

A small number of copies are available for purchase by contacting the author
at chamber at pipeline.com.au. The cost is $A23 plus postage.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Preface

Introduction

                Independence - Contending Proclaimers
1
                Some Notes on Sources
2

Independence Movements in the Late 1940s and Early 1950s

                Early Indonesian Views
4
A Rebellion and “Massacre” in Los Palos ?                               5
                Japanese Collaborators - and the Native Head Tax
5
Concern at “Indonesian Nationalism”                             7
Incursion Fears on the South Coast                                      9

Relations with Indonesia – Major Meneses Recalled                       10
Chinese Communists ?                                            11
                Malay, Mestiço and Worker Grievances
12
An Appeal to President Sukarno                                  13
                Criticisms from Jakarta
14
                The Bandung Conference – 1955
15
The Moluccas, Kisar and Ataúro                                  16
The Anti-Colonial Movement of Indonesia (GPKI)                  17

The “Viqueque Rebellion” – 1959

        Inspiration
19
        Beginnings
20
                The “Ex-Permesta 14”
22
                Security Concerns on the Lautem Coast
30
                Conditions in the Baucau and Viqueque Circunscrições
31
                The Rebel Leadership – and its Direction
33
                The Plan
35
                Arrests in Dili
38
                The “Movimento de Aileu: Paulo de Castro”
39
The Uprising in Viqueque and Baucau                             40
                Ethno-linguistic Divisions and Violence
53
Casualties and Aftermath                                                55
                Into Exile
59
                Imprisoned and Exiled in Lisbon, Angola and Mozambique
63
                After-Effects
64
In Exile                                                                66
                Some Exiles Return
69
                1974-1975 – and Apodeti
71
                Rebel Exiles in Africa and Portugal
75
                More Exiles Return
75
                Recognition, Reunions – and claims against Portugal
76
                The Popular Consultation of 1999 – and Militia Group “59/75”
81
                Compensation Claims
82
                Counting the Exiles
82
                Recent Indonesian Interpretations of the Rebellion
83
                Continuing Ethnic Violence in Viqueque
84

Threats: The URT-D, Coup Plotters and Indonesia

                The Founding Declarations of the Union of the Republic of
                        Timor Dilly (URT-D)
86
Army Disquiet in Portuguese Timor – a Coup Planned              89
Security Concerns Increase – PIDE Established;
an Australian Treaty Mooted                                     90
                Fears of Indonesian Interest
92
                Australia Expresses Concerns
96
                The URT-D’s Islamic and Pan-Malay Elements
98
                A Question of Indonesian Involvement
100
                Indonesian Acts ?
103
                Encouragement by the USSR
108
                Appeals to the United Nations
109             The “Declaration of Independence”
109
                The URT-D Constitution
111
                1965 - Sukarno Declares Support; New Order Disinterest
112
                More URT-D Letters and Proclamations
115
                Mohammad Saleh Akbar (M.S.A.) Balikh - as “Mao Klao”
117
                URT-D Activities from 1968
120
                Divisions in the URT-D – Alamsyah Hasibuan as “Mao Klao”
121

        The “Dawning of Political Consciousness” in Dili

                The Movimentos
126
Democratisation in Portuguese Timor – and Apodeti                       129

Jakarta-Based Independence Movements React

                URT-D’s Reaction in 1974 to “Decolonisation” in Timor
135
Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)     138
Balikh Takes Control – and a URT-D “East Timor Constitution”    140
Responding to Events in Portuguese Timor                                142
Timor Students Association of Central Java and Jogyakarta               146

        The Indonesian Invasion and Occupation

>From Infiltration and Raids – to Amphibious/Airborne Attack     147
The URT-D Seeks a Role – and Foreign Support                    150
Arrest, Trial and Detention of URT-D Cadre                              152
The URT-D’s “Inactive” Decades                                  154

      


Towards Independence – and Beyond

M.S.A. Balikh Returns to Timor – October 1999                   155
The Timor Post “Proklamasi” Declaration                         155
M.S.A. Balich’s “Declaration 1” –
and TIME Timor, October 2007                            156
A “new” URT-D –
and the “Greater Timor” (Negara Timor Raya) ?           157
Republica Timor Tasi Mane (RTTM) – Short-lived Separatism       159

Summary and Discussion

        Los Palos Uprising and Massacre                                 160
        The 1959 Viqueque Rebellion                                     160
                The Union of the Republic of Timor-Dilly (URT-D)
164
                Silvestre Martins Nai Buti Seço
169
                Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
169
                Indonesian Involvement
170
                Apodeti Preferred
172
                Resurrection ?
173
                A Future History
174
--------------------------------------------------------

Annexes:

        A.      Map - Circunscrição de Viqueque

        B.      Sejarah Perjuangan Timor-Timur Untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas
(History of the East Timor Struggle for Senior High School), Anhar
Gonggong & Susanto Zuhdi, Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Umum,
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1992 - translated
extract (English).

C.      Araújo, A. (Armando) L.J. de, O Célebre Massacré de Uato-Lari e
Uato-Carbau Verificado no Ano de 1959 (The Truth of the Infamous Massacre at
Uatolari and Uato-Carabau in 1959), Jakarta/Kupang, 1974 – including:
Araújo, A. (Armando) L.J. de (et al), Memorandum – Assunto: Sobre o
acontecimento ocorrido em 7 de Junhe (sic) de 1959, na Cirrcunscriçõe (sic)
de Viqueque – Timor (Memorandum – Report: On the event that occurred on 7
June 1959 in the Circumscription of Viqueque - Timor), six pages, Cólonia
Penal do Bié (Angola), 21 April 1960.

        D.      Deportees – 1959 Rebellion

E.      Costa, F.A.S. da, Os Nomes dos Detidos Timorenses para Angola do Ano
de 1959 (The Names of the Timorese Detainees in Angola in 1959), Silva Porto
(Bié, Angola), 6 June 1960 – in Portuguese (initialled/authenticated by
Evaristo da Costa, Salem Musalam Sagran, Frederico Almeida Santos da Costa
and Juman bin Basirun).

F.      TERJEMAHAN: Pejuang Perintis Integrasi Timor Timur Ke Dalam Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (TRANSLATION: Pioneer Fighters for the
Integration of East Timor into the Unitary Republic of Indonesia), Dili, 8
December 1995 - in Bahasa Indonesia with an English translation.

G.      Pinto, L. dos Santos, Certidão - Estado-Maior General das Forças
Armadas Serviço de Coordenação de Extinção da PIDE/DGS e LP (Armed Forces
Chief of Staff’s Office for the Coordination of the Disbandment of the
PIDE/DGS & LP) Lisbon, 22 March 1983 – in Portuguese.
      
H.      Second Announcement: Freedom Throughout Timor-Dilly ! – Drive the
Portuguese into the Sea !, Liberation Bureau – Union of the Republic of
Timor-Dilly, 10 December 1960 – in English.

I.      The Declaration of Independence, Batugade, 9 April 1961 – in
English, with the stamp of the URT-D Foreign Ministry in Bahasa.

J.      Constitution, Batugade, 4 May 1965 - in English.

        K.      Menyambut hangat atas akan Merdeka Nya Papua dan New Guinea
1967 ini, (Warmly welcoming the forthcoming Independence of Papua
and New Guinea in 1967), URT-D, Nr. III/Prespu-URT/IV/67,
Batugade, 2 April 1967 – in Bahasa Melayu.

L.      Pernyataan Sambutan – Menyambut Missi Adam Malic (sic) kembali
dengan succes dari Pacific (Congratulatory Statement – Welcoming Adam Malik
on his Return from a Successful Mission in the Pacific), Number
019/PP-URT/VI/68, URT-D, Djakarta, 26 April 1968 – in Bahasa Melayu.

M.      Hubungan Diplomatic dan kerjasama menuju Melanesia Raya yang jaya
(Diplomatic relations and cooperation towards a glorious Greater Melanesia),
Number 0545/ZULK/Prespu-URT/1392 H/1972 M., Batugade, 8 December 1972
(Letter to H.E. Mr Somare, Chief Minister, Papua New Guinea) in Bahasa
Melayu.

N.      Pernyataan Kemerdekaan (Declaration of Independence), 9 April 1961 –
in Bahasa Melayu.

O.      Timor Merdeka (Independent Timor), 18 August 1963, (“Anthem” of the
URT-D) – in Bahasa Melayu.

P.      Timor Union Republic (Union of the Republic of Timor), (A-4 copy of
original A-3 size map of Timor Island with inserted photograph of “A. Mao
Klao”).

Q.      Note – Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
to United Nations Secretary General, 14/VII/V/FC/74, 10 July 1974 (less
Memorandum attachment) – in English.

R.      Pernyataan Dukungan (Statement of Support), Codes Timde
01/ICT/XII/74, Tanjung Priok – Jakarta, 23 December 1974 – in Bahasa
Indonesia.

S.      Pernyataan situasi di Timport (Statement on the Situation in
Portuguese Timor), No: 0128/PP-URTD/VIII/75, Jakarta, 30 August 1975 – in
Bahasa Indonesia with English translation.

T.      Surat - Keputusan Tentang Perobahan Status Pembebasan Para
Tahanan/Tawanan Peristiwa U.R.T. (Unie Republik Timor) Dari Bebas –
Dikenakan Wajib Lapor Menjadi Bebas Penuh (Directive on the Change of
Release Status for Detainees of the U.R.T. Affair (United Republic of Timor)
from Released with Reporting Status to Full Release), Kopkamtib, Jakarta, 11
August 1976 – in Bahasa Indonesia with English translation.

U.      Memproklamasikan: Kemerdekaan Timor Timur (Proclamation of the
Independence of East Timor), Batugade, 9 April 1961 – in Bahasa Indonesia
with English translation.

V.      Surat Pernyataan I (Letter of Declaration I), Mau Klao M.S.A.
Balich,
Gugleur – Maubara, Timor Leste,19 April 2007 – in Bahasa Indonesia with
English translation.



Bibliography

Union of the Republic of Timor-Dilly (URT-D) –
Documents Reviewed

                Indonesian Official Documents Reviewed

                Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
-
                        Documents Reviewed

                Books

                Selected Internet Websites/“Blogs”

                Selected Reports and Articles
      





Bu Wilson
Regulatory  Institutions Network (RegNet)
College of Asia and the Pacific, RSPAS
Australian National University
Canberra   ACT   0200
AUSTRALIA

T: 02 6125 3194
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E: Bu.Wilson at anu.edu.au



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