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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><a
href="http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20080803.140946/index.html">http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20080803.140946/index.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black;font-weight:bold'>Title</span></font></b><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black'>Contested
Belonging: East Timorese Youth in the Diaspora</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<td width="15%" valign=top style='width:15.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><img border=0 width=14 height=14
id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.gif@01C9119D.6B3EB860"></span></font><b><font
color=black face=Helvetica><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:black;
font-weight:bold'>Author</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black'>Crockford, Fiona</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><img border=0 width=14 height=14
id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image001.gif@01C9119D.6B3EB860"></span></font><b><font
color=black face=Helvetica><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:black;
font-weight:bold'>Institution</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black'>The <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Australian</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place></span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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color=black face=Helvetica><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:black;
font-weight:bold'>Date</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black'>2007</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><img border=0 width=14 height=14
id="_x0000_i1028" src="cid:image001.gif@01C9119D.6B3EB860"></span></font><b><font
color=black face=Helvetica><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:black;
font-weight:bold'>Abstract</span></font></b><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<td width="85%" style='width:85.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Helvetica><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black'>This research
explores East Timoreseness as a complex and evolving identity in which
Timorese 'frontiers', both physical and psychic, have been drawn and redrawn
over time and through space. It deals specifically with the sense of
displacement and ambiguity that underpins the social identities of young East
Timorese living in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region>
during a period of intense political transformation in <st1:place w:st="on">East
Timor</st1:place>’s recent history (1997-1999). ¶ Acknowledging the
diversity of experience among diasporic youth, the study focuses primarily on
young ‘nineties’ Timorese, that is, those who were in their teens
or early twenties when they fled <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place>
in the wake of the Dili Massacre in 1991. It considers the ways in which they
negotiated their experiences of displacement and the immensity of a highly
politicised Timorese identity, often framed by young people themselves in
terms of an embodied ‘weight’ and a viscerally deep, and
occasionally overwhelming, sense of moral responsibility. In the diaspora,
the evocation of traumatic memory has been central to the preservation of a
uniquely East Timorese identity and its reconstitution in a breached world.
Memory has thus been called upon to legitimate a very specific and homogenous
East Timorese identity and to reconstruct it through public ritual. Yet an
over-determination of such a monological discourse threatens to subsume the
heterogeneous experiences and possible alterities of young Timorese and the
diversity of Timorese cultural expression. This study explores the interplay
between a monological discourse that articulates a cohesive public identity
that implies an ‘authentic’ East Timoreseness and a dialogical
discourse through which more ambiguous and hybrid identities emerge. ¶ I
begin by tracing the strands of history, culture, myth and power that combine
to produce totalising representations of East Timoreseness and youth as
patriotic and self-sacrificing collectivities. I argue that the exigencies of
the struggle for independence from Indonesian occupation depended upon a very
specific enactment of youth within <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place>
through which East Timorese youth acquired a potent and heroic role. Yet the
potency of this politicised identity has always been unstable and
provisional, both within and outside of <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place>.
As well, such an identity is both enabling and confining for young Timorese
since its performance is always infused with power structures and relations
that are both socially and spatially contingent. ¶ I then explore processes
of identity formation and re-evaluation among young diasporic East Timorese
in depth. Removed from the immediacy of struggle, the 'doing' of youth among
young diasporic East Timorese inevitably shifts according to the different
knowledge formations that frame and produce 'youth' and particularly 'migrant
youth' in host countries. While young Timorese often feel caught between
apparently contradictory practices and constructions of youth, and discourses
that oppose 'Timoreseness' and 'Australianness' (as well as
‘Timoreseness’ and ‘Indonesianness’), there is always
room for slippage. Thus, I draw upon examples of their cultural negotiations
in the world of the arts to show how young East Timorese sought to engage in
meaningful forms of social action and deployed various forms of testimonial
as a self-affirming and identity-validating practice. Through practices of
music, poetry and theatre young East Timorese, in different ways and with
varying force, deploy cultural strategies that are not necessarily inimical
or unsympathetic to the concerns and political imperatives of older
generation Timorese. The everyday narratives of young Timorese, however,
reveal that their identities are entangled in the complex interplay of a
number of divergent and interdependent structuring dispositions: the personal
and the collective; the global and local; difference and continuity; freedom
and constraint. The management of these tensions, as well as the
uncertainties of their legal status in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region>
and political upheavals within <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place>
itself, required the creation of strategies of identity that drew upon both
existing and new cultural referents and resources. The experiences of young
diasporic East Timorese thus highlight the dialectical and contingent
character of intercultural experience and social identities. </span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=2 color=teal face="Bradley Hand ITC"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'>Dr <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">Fiona Crockford</st1:PersonName></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><em><i><font size=2 color=teal
face="Bradley Hand ITC"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";
color:teal'>East Timor</span></font></i></em></st1:place><em><i><font size=2
color=teal face="Bradley Hand ITC"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'> Section</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'>AusaID </span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=2 color=teal face="Bradley Hand ITC"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'>GPO Box 887 <st1:City
w:st="on">Canberra</st1:City> ACT 2601 <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=2 color=teal face="Bradley Hand ITC"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'>Ph. +61 2
6206 4580</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Bradley Hand ITC";color:teal'>Fax. +61 2
6206 4636</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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