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<a href="http://asaa.asn.au/publications/ac/asian-currents-09-07.html#3c" eudora="autourl">
http://asaa.asn.au/publications/ac/asian-currents-09-07.html#3c<br><br>
</a><h2><b><a name="3c"></a>IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY IN EAST
TIMOR</b></h2>A team from the
<a href="http://www.anu.edu.au/index.php">Australian National
University</a> is researching influencers on the rate of adoption of new
staple food varieties in East Timor.
<a href="http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/mcwia_ant.php">Andrew
McWilliam</a>* talks about the team’s work through, an Australian
government-funded initiative, the
<a href="http://sponsored.uwa.edu.au/sol/index">Seeds of Life</a>
program, to improve food security in East Timor.<br><br>
<i>What is the Seeds of Life program?<br><br>
</i>This is a $10 million bilateral initiative between the
<a href="http://www.aciar.gov.au/">Australian Centre for International
Agricultural Research (ACIAR)</a> and the East Timor Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries. <a href="http://www.ausaid.gov.au/">AusAID</a>
is providing additional funding and the
<a href="http://www.clima.uwa.edu.au/">Centre for Legumes in
Mediterranean Areas (CLIMA)</a>, at the
<a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/">University of Western Australia</a>,
project management. The project is designed to improve substantially
yields of key staple food crops such as maize, rice, sweet potato,
cassava, peanuts.<br><br>
The first phase, from 2001–05, involved testing a wide range of cultivars
for desirable characteristics, such as drought tolerance, yield, fungal
resistance and, importantly, taste. Prospective varieties have been
gradually distributed to Timorese farmer households under an innovative
participatory farming system to enable them to directly compare the
yields and qualities of the new varieties with their existing crops under
the same conditions. To date over 2000 farmer households have
participated and the initial results are very positive. <br><br>
<i>How did you become involved? <br><br>
</i>I became interested during the project’s early phase of varietal
testing from 2000 through lively discussions with Dr Brian Palmer, who
was the initial in-country project manager. Professor James Fox, then
Director of the ANU’s Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, had
also been a supporter. When a new implementation phase was planned in
2005, we pushed to have a social research component included, arguing
that ANU was well placed to provide a socio-economic support role, given
our strong research track record on Timor. <br><br>
<i>What has been the team’s most significant achievement? <br><br>
</i>Our involvement is principally designed to support training and
mentoring of Timorese socio-economic staff in the Ministry of
Agriculture. To that end, we’ve been able to demonstrate the value of
social science applications. The baseline studies undertaken between
2006–07 highlighted key features of Timorese farming systems, including
the importance of tuber crops and wild-food gathering for rural diets,
and seasonal food shortages coinciding with high labour demand. We also
highlighted the significance of cultural factors in the patterns of
Timorese agriculture and the need to integrate these practices into
agricultural planning. <br><br>
<i>How successful has the program been?<br><br>
</i>Agricultural development projects by their very nature tend to have
long lead times, as innovations take years to be integrated into local
farming systems. Survey results indicate strong interest in the new crop
varieties, particularly in an irrigated rice variety known as Nakroma.
This is proving to be very popular, with 40 per cent yield gains on local
varieties, good taste and easy preparation times. Sweet potato varieties
known as ‘hohorae’ are also widely sought, and more are appearing in
local markets. But there are many challenges in terms of building
stronger agricultural support and extension systems, and of sustaining
quality seed production for distribution, and for policy settings to
support poor farmers. <br><br>
<i>What are the plans for the program over the next five years?<br><br>
</i>With the completion of its second phase in September 2010, there are
hopes the project partners will fund a new five-year phase. It’s
important to consolidate and build on the initial gains in areas such as,
wider distribution of improved seed varieties, continued testing of new
varieties, agricultural extension services and improved post-harvest
storage facilities. A future phase would look to integrating most of the
program’s daily operations under Timor Leste Ministry of Agriculture
management. <br><br>
<i>What is the longer term food security outlook for East Timor?</i>
<br><br>
Timor Leste has a highly variable monsoonal climate with low soil
fertility and poor post harvest storage technologies. This makes the
near-subsistence agriculture precarious at best. Timor farmer families
are highly resilient, but they’re also vulnerable to periodic crop
failure and seasonal food shortages. Seeds of Life holds out the prospect
of significantly improving food security and an opportunity to raise
rural incomes through the marketing of surplus. Increased government
funding to the agricultural sector generally is also welcome. So I’m
optimistic about East Timor, and particularly the capacity of Timorese
farmers to survive, and even thrive, under difficult environmental
conditions.<br><br>
I maintain a limited advisory role, but we’ve made significant
contributions through the work of Dr Diana Glazebrook, who undertook
field research and training between 2006–07, and more recently, Angie
Bexley, who is finalising a PhD in the Department of Anthropology, and
taken up an 18-month, full-time position on the project, working with the
Timorese socio-economic team to complete intensive field
evaluations.<br><br>
<i>What are your current projects with the program?<br><br>
</i>Our main objective is to research the factors influencing the rate of
adoption of new staple food varieties. So our emphasis is on sustained
field-based studies across the seven districts where Seeds of Life is
operating. We’re working on agro-climatic calendars for extension and
planning, baseline profiles of participating farmer households and an
approach called ‘seed mapping’ that aims to document the production and
distribution of new seed crop germplasm into markets or customary
exchange systems. We’re also looking at the gender impacts of new
varieties.<br><br>
<i>* Dr McWilliam is from the Department of Anthropology, Research School
of Pacific and Asian Studies<br><br>
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