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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>For some background on this and an argument that we focus too much on human rights and not enough on IHL when looking at TNCs, this paper might be of interest. It’s published in final form as “Lawyers, Guns, and Money: The Governance of Business Activities in Conflict Zones” in the <i>Chicago Journal of International Law,</i> vol 11 (2011), pp 321-341, but you can see the early version on SSRN here:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1594870">http://ssrn.com/abstract=1594870</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>This paper argues that the norms governing businesses in conflict zones are both understudied and undervalued. Understudied because the focus is generally on human rights of universal application, rather than the narrower regime of international humanitarian law (IHL). Undervalued because IHL may provide a more certain foundation for real norms that can be applied to businesses and the individuals that control them. <br><br>The first part will briefly describe the normative regime that is set up by human rights and IHL. Part two looks at the specific situation of conflict zones and efforts to regulate some of the newer entities on the scene, in particular private military and security companies. Part three then sketches out a regime that focuses not on toothless regulation but on a model of governance that combines limited sanctions with wider structuring of incentives.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Simon<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:navy'>Professor Simon CHESTERMAN</span></b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:navy'>:: Vice Dean (Graduate Studies) :: Faculty of Law :: National University of Singapore :: 469G Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259776 :: +65-651 67342 (DID) :: <a href="mailto:chesterman@nus.edu.sg"><span style='color:blue'>chesterman@nus.edu.sg</span></a> (E) :: <a href="http://law.nus.edu.sg/"><span style='color:blue'>law.nus.edu.sg</span></a> (W) :: </span><i><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:navy'>Company Registration No: 200604346E</span></i><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FF8040'>Important: This email is confidential and may be privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please delete it and notify us immediately; you should not copy or use it for any purpose, nor disclose its contents to any other person. Thank you.</span><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> intlawprofessors-bounces@mailman.anu.edu.au [mailto:intlawprofessors-bounces@mailman.anu.edu.au] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Caroline Foster<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, 13 May, 2011 5:05 AM<br><b>To:</b> Don Anton; intlawprofessors@mailman.anu.edu.au<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [IntLawProfessors] TNC's international obligations<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear Don/colleagues, <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>It seems to me that the starting point is that where the TNCs are not party to an instrument (the Charter) purporting to subject them to legal obligations it is very hard at the moment to argue that they are bound directly - but if there is an obligation on States to create a domestic legal framework subjecting the TNCs to the rules in a treaty and States comply with this oblgiation then the TNCs will become bound by the content of the treaty as a matter of national law.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>However the Charter provision raises some very interesting issues. Is there any way that a State's consent for private entities, of certain classes or generally, to be bound can in any degree bind them? Or any way in which the law might develop towards this? To what extent does the ITLOS opinion indicate that this is a direction in which we will see more movement, or point the way?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>-- <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dr. Caroline E. Foster<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>BA LLB (Cantuar) LLM PHD (Cantab) <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Room 2.16, Bldg 803<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>9 Eden Crescent<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>University of Auckland<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Private Bag 92019<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>New Zealand<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Don Anton <<a href="mailto:AntonD@law.anu.edu.au">AntonD@law.anu.edu.au</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Fri, 13 May 2011 06:55:24 +1000<br><b>To: </b><<a href="mailto:intlawprofessors@mailman.anu.edu.au">intlawprofessors@mailman.anu.edu.au</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>[IntLawProfessors] TNC's international obligations<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div style='margin-left:3.0pt;margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:3.0pt;margin-bottom:.75pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear Colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>This post picks up on part of the exchange that Caroline Foster's post on ITLOS Case No. 17 back in early March prompted on international obligations of private parties. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>In particular, I'd like to learn thoughts you may have about the operation of Art. 36 (former Art. 35 until the Protocol of Washington entered into force) of the Charter of the Organization of American States. I am interested to see whether you think this provision subjects the activities and omissions of TNCs ("shall be subject") to the provisions of all "international treaties and agreements" in particular OAS countries in which they operate. In other words, do TNCs not only need to be mindful of municipal legislation, but also all treaties which are binding (regardless of "transformation" that may be constitutionally required).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> Art. 36 provides:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Transnational enterprises and foreign private investment shall be subject to the legislation of the host countries and to the jurisdiction of their competent courts and to the international treaties and agreements to which said countries are parties, and should conform to the development policies of the recipient countries.</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></blockquote><pre><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Kind regards,<br>DA</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></pre></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Intlawprofessors is moderated by Don Anton and hosted by the Australian National University College of Law <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>