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<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">This should fill in the gaps
for many of the current etymology questions. Sources are listed
at the bottom.</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">--Tom Slone</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b><br></b></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b><br>
Aibika</b>: "Ibika" is a "native vegetable" in the
Kuanua Language (Tolai People) (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 155).<br>
<br>
<b>Aila</b>: "Ela" is the Tahitian chestnut,<i> Inocarpus
fagiferus</i>, in the Kuanua Language (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 143).<br>
<br>
<b>Ainaga</b>: "Inaga" in the Kuanua Language is a species
of fish that is "rather like a herring both in appearance and
habits, also the whitebait" (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960:
160).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Asua</b>: Tryon (1995, part
4, p. 341) lists the Adzera word for fault as "asub".
Perhaps there is another Austronesian language near the Adzera from
which asua derived?<br>
<br>
<b>Baret</b>: "Paret" is the Kuanua word for trench
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 312). "Parit" is the Indonesian
word for trench (Echols & Shadily, 1989: 410).<br>
<br>
<b>Bilum</b>: This is also the Kuanua word for bag (Lanyon-Orgill,
1960: 120).<br>
<br>
<b>Bong</b>: There is a general query about usage. Here is an
example from Bergmann (1982: 333), "Wanpela kain rot bilong
skruim strong bilong man i ken kamap bikpela, em i olsem, subim stik o
diwai o plang i go aninit long hevipela samting na apim. Nem
bilong dispela kain stik yumi save kolim bong."<br>
<br>
<b>Buai</b>: Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 127) confirms that this is from the
Kuanua.</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Bukbuk</b>: "Bukubuk"
is a hardwood tree with edible fruit in the Kuanua Language according
to Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 129). Bukubuk is a large nut tree in the
Kuanua Language according to Mennis (1975: 118).</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><br>
<b>Bung</b>: The current etymology on the Web site is from Kuanua for
"night", but "bung" ("ng" is the velar
nasal sound) means day in Kuanua according to Tryon, 1995, part 4, p.
140). Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 128) on the other hand says that
"bug" means "day" or "market".
Night is "lewu", marum" or "warawadiawai" in
Kuanua (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 577).<br>
<br>
<b>Daka</b>: Tryon (1995, part 3, p. 8) lists the Kuanua word for
pepper as "dake" (where "e" is schwa). Mennis
(1975: 118) and Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 134) confirm that this is the
betel pepper (<i>Piper betle</i>).<br>
<br>
<b>Demdem</b>: Tryon (1995, part 2, p. 391) lists demdem as an
introduced word for snail into the Dami Language (Papua Province
[ex-Irian Jaya], Indonesia), but gives no explanation as to its
origin.<br>
<br>
Both Bergmann (1982: 156) and Tietze (1996: 36) suggest that
"demdem" applies to more than just the introduced African
snail. Bergmann (1982: 156) says, "Wanpela kain demdem i
stap, em i save kaikai kiau bilong bikpela demdem bilong
Afrika." Tietze says, "Kain kain demdem i stap long
PNG. Tasol wanpela nupela kain demdem i save bagarapim moa
kaikai. Dispela demdem bilong ol ples hat ol i save kolim
'Afrika' demdem."</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">Bergmann (1982: 156) says that
the African snail was introduced to PNG during World War II by the
Japanese for use as a food source. This does not appear to be a
Japanese word, though, e.g., http://www.freedict.com/onldict/jap.html
gives esu"karugo", "katatsumuri",
"makigai", and "kagyuu" for snail.<br>
<br>
The Kuanua word for snail is "iem-den" (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960:
156). Perhaps this is the origin or perhaps it is from a nearby
language?</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Diwai</b>: Tryon (1995,
part 3, p. 229) gives "devai" (where "e" is schwa)
as Kuanua for tree. Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 136) spells it
"dawai".<br>
<br>
<b>Epa</b>: Sounds like its of Austronesian in origin. Tryon
(1995, part 2, pp. 347-348) lists several languages with possible
cognates.<br>
<br>
<b>Galip</b>: "Qalip" is the tree and nut of<i>
Terminalia</i> sp. (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 338).<br>
<br>
<b>Garamut</b>: This is the Kuanua word for "long drum"
(Tryon, 1995, part 4, p. 519). The Kuanua word "kudu" is the
source of the Tok Pisin "kundu" (not on-line yet). Mennis
(1975: 118-119) confirms these. Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 147, 210)
gives "galamu" as the Kuanua word for slit drum and
"kudu" as the word for a long small drum covered with iguana
skin.<br>
<br>
<b>Guria (1)</b>: Tryon (1995, part 2, p. 66) confirms that this is
from Kuanua. Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 349) spells it as
"quria".</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Kaikai</b> is currently
listed as deriving from PPE on the Web site. The OED has the
origin as ultimately from the Maori for food ("kai" or
"kaikai"):</font></div>
<div><font face="Times"
color="#000000"
>http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00125073/00125073se1?single=1<span
></span>&query_type=word&queryword=kaikai<br>
[note: the above link requires subscription, but you can also find it
in the printed version in a library]<br>
<br>
Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 171) lists "kaikai" as meaning
"food" or "to eat" in Kuanua.<br>
<br>
<b>Kalapua</b>: In Kuanua, this word is the species of "banana in
most common use in daily diet" (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 176).<br>
<br>
<b>Kambang</b>: "Kabag" is lime (calcium oxide) in the
Kuanua Language (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 165).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Kanda</b>: Currently, the
Web site suggests this might be from Malay. I think this is
unlikely; the words for rattan and rope in Indonesian are: rotan and
tali (Echols & Shadily,1989: 466, 491).<br>
<br>
"Kada" in the Kuanua Language is a cane used for making fish
traps (Lanyon-Orgill: 1960: 168).<br>
<br>
<b>Kapiak</b>: "Kapiaka" is the "breadfruit tree,<i>
Artocarpus incisa</i>, also other sp." (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960:
182). <br>
<br>
<b>Kapok</b>: This comes from the Indonesian "kapuk" (Echols
& Schadily, 1989: 261). The English word has the same
derivation:<br>
http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00125356?single=1&query_type=<span
></span>word&queryword=kapok<br>
[note: the above link requires subscription, but you can also find it
in the printed version in a library]<br>
<br>
The proto-Malayo-Polynesian word is *kapu (Tryon, 1995, part 1, p.
1192).<br>
<br>
<b>Karakap</b>: This is a kind of vegetable in the Kuanua Language
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 184).<br>
<br>
<b>Katu</b>: This is the hermit crab in the Kuanua Language
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 187).<br>
<br>
<b>Kaukau</b>: Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 187) says this is the "sweet
potato,<i> Dioscorea sativa</i>". However,<i> Dioscorea</i>
is the yam genus, not the sweet potato genus, which is<i>
Ipomoea</i>.</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Kawas</b>: This means
friend in the Nyindrou Language of Manus Island (Tryon, 1995, part 4,
p. 562).<br>
<br>
<b>Kiau</b>: This is the Kuanua word for egg (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960:
192).<br>
<br>
<b>Kumbak</b>: The Kuanua word "kubak" means, "a native
superstition connected with the sick; 'a person having slept in the
house or even the same enclosure with a sick person, then to spend a
night elsewhere." (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 208).<br>
<br>
<b>Kumul</b>: This is a bird species in the Kuanua Language,
unspecified by Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 214).<br>
<br>
<b>Kunai</b>: "kunei" (where "e" is schwa) is the
Kuanua word for long grass according to Tryon (1995, part 3, p. 218).
Mennis (1975: 119) confirms this. Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 349)
spells it "qunei" and says that it is a grass that grows on
mountain slopes.<br>
<br>
<b>Kwila</b>: "Kuila" is a tree species in the Kuanua
Language, unspecified by Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 210).<br>
<br>
<b>Lang</b>: "Laga" is the blowfly in the Kuanua Language
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 219).<br>
<br>
<b>Luluai</b>: This is the Tolai word for chief, explained by
"lua", "lue" (where "e" is schwa) or
"luai-ne" (where "e" is schwa) meaning
"first" (Tryon, 1995, part 4, pp. 78-79, 536-537).
Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 238-240) confirms this.<br>
<br>
<b>Malomalo</b>: "Molamolo" is one of three Tolai words for
"soft". Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 270) confirms this.
The northwest Mekeo word is malo-malo (Tryon, 1995, part 4, pp.
223-224).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Mami</b>: This is a Mbula
(Umboi Island, Morobe Province) word for yam (Tryon, 1995, part 3, p.
255). This is the yam species<i> Dioscorea rubicosa</i> in the
Kuanua Language (Lanyon-Orgill: 1960: 253).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Marita</b>: This is a
pandanus species used for making nets (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 259).<br>
<br>
<b>Mau</b>: This means "ripe" or "cooked" in Tolai
(Tryon, 1995, part 2, pp. 634, 636). Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 264)
confirms this.<br>
<br>
<b>Muruk</b>: "Murup" is the Tolai word for cassowary
(Mennis, 1975: 120). Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 276) confirms
this.<br>
<br>
<b>Ninilbol</b>: "Nilibur" means "to walk, stroll,
play" in the Kuanua Language (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 283).<br>
<br>
<b>Palai</b>: This is the Kuanua word for iguana (<i>Gonocephalus</i>
sp.) (Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 300).<br>
<br>
<b>Pamuk</b>: The Tongan word for prostitute is "pa?umutu"
(where "?" is a glottal stop) (Tryon, 1995, part 4, p.
586).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Pekpek</b>: Mühlhäusler
(unpublished) says that pekpeke means to defecate in the Label
Language. Tryon (1995, part 2, p. 550) lists "peke" as
the word for defecate from the Kuanua Language. No other
PNG Austronesian languages have words for defecate that sound like
pekpek, but the Fijian is ßeke (Tryon, part 2, p. 550) (ß is
a bilabila fricative). Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 314) says that
"pekapeke" is the reduplicative form of "peke",
meaning "to defecate" in Kuanua.</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><br>
<b>Pitpit</b>: Mühlhäusler (unpublished) says this is from the
Kuanua "pit" ("wild sugar cane").
Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 323) confirms that "pit" is wild sugar
cane (<i>Saccharum floridulum</i> and<i> Miscanthus
japonicus</i>).<br>
<br>
<b>Pus</b>: "Pus" is the Mbula (Umboi Island, Morobe
Province) word for belt (Tryon, part 3, p. 75).</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000"><b>Rai</b>: The Motu word for
wind is "lai" (Tryon, 1995, part 2, p. 89).<br>
<br>
<b>Sanda (1)</b>: Could this be from "sandalwood", which is
an aromatic wood used for perfume?<br>
<br>
<b>Talai</b>: This is the Kuanua word for a very small species of
fish, unspecified by Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 379).<br>
<br>
<b>Talatala</b>: Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 380) also says that this
is Fijian. See also:<br>
http://www.fijimuseum.org.fj/fm-TCOctober2001.htm<br>
<br>
<b>Tambu</b>: This is now listed as possibly deriving from Kuanua.
I think this may be PPE though. Here are parallel
words:</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">Solomon Islands Pijin
(tambu/abu/apu/ambu/tapu/tabu): Jourdan (2002: 237-238)<br>
Bislama (tabu/tambu): Crowley (1995: 239, 241)</font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">Broken: apparently no cognate
(Shnukal, 1988).<br>
<br>
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) cites the origin of the English
word "taboo" as deriving from Captain Cook's voyage to
Tonga:<br>
http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00245891?query_type=word&quer<span
></span>yword=taboo<br>
[note: the above link requires subscription, but you can also find it
in the printed version in a library]<br>
and the word was widely used in English in the Pacific during the
1800s.<br>
<br>
Tryon (1995, part 1, p. 1145) gives *tapu or *tampu as the
proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for "ancestor". The only
cognates of the ancestor meaning of "tambu" listed among PNG
Austronesian languages listed in Tryon is for Manam, "tubu"
and Nyindrou (Manus Island), "tubu-n", and there are several
cognates among other Austronesian languages (Tryon, 1995, part 2, p.
214-216).<br>
<br>
Lanyon-Orgill (1960: 370-371) confirms that "tabu" in Kuanua
means prohibition, sacred or forbidden, as well as traditional shell
money. Note that this last meaning is currently not on-line even
though it was in Mihalic (1971).<br>
<br>
<b>Tarangau</b>: "Taraqau" or "taragau" is a
species "of large fish-hawk or osprey,<i> Pandion haliaetus</i>"
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 392).<br>
<br>
<b>Taun (2)</b>: Mühlhäusler (unpublished) says this is from the
Mioko and Malot languages for<i> Pometia pinnata</i>.<br>
<br>
<b>Tultul</b>: Mühlhäusler (unpublished) says this is from the
Kuanua Language for "messenger". Lanyon-Orgill (1960:
424) confirms this, but in the Duke of York Island dialect this can
also mean "a living spirit of a man which eats the corpses of his
enemies"!<br>
<br>
<b>Umben</b>: "Ubene" is the Kuanua word for fish net
(Lanyon-Orgill, 1960: 434).<br>
<br>
<br>
<b>New References:<br>
<br>
</b>Bergmann (1982).<i> Save na Mekim.</i> Lae: Liklik Buk Information
Centre.</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face="Times" color="#000000">Echols, John M. & Shadily,
Hassan (1989).<i> An Indonesian-English Dictionary</i>. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press.<br>
<br>
Lanyon-Orgill, Peter A. (1960).<i> A Dictionary of the Raluana
Language (New Britain, S. W. Pacific).</i> Victoria, British Columbia:
Lanyon-Orgill (self-published). [Raluana is the same as
Kuanua.]<br>
<br>
Mennis, Mary (1975).<i> The Time of the Taubar.</i> Madang: Kristen
Pres. [This is a Tolai folktale book with a 5 page glossary.]<br>
<br>
Tietze, Reinhard (1996).<i> Daunim Sik na Binatang long Gaden.</i>
Yangpela Didimanbilong Papua Niugini series. Madang: Kristen
Pres.</font><br>
<font face="Times" color="#000000"></font></div>
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