[TimorLesteStudies] New publication: Faltering Steps: Independence
Movements in East Timor - 1940s to the early 1970s
Bu Wilson
Bu.Wilson at anu.edu.au
Tue Jan 22 13:25:41 EST 2008
Chamberlain, E. (2007)"Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor
- 1940s to the early 1970s"
This new publication is a revised and expanded edition of a similarly-titled
monograph that Ernie Chamberlain published in 2005 - and includes new
material from field interviews in 2006 and 2007 in Dili (former "1959
rebels", Mari Alkatiri et al) and in Viqueque ("elders").
A copy will be available in ANU library but it is not yet catalogued. A copy
will be available in the National Library of Australia which has catalogued
it but it is listed as not yet in collection.
A small number of copies are available for purchase by contacting the author
at chamber at pipeline.com.au. The cost is $A23 plus postage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface
Introduction
Independence - Contending Proclaimers
1
Some Notes on Sources
2
Independence Movements in the Late 1940s and Early 1950s
Early Indonesian Views
4
A Rebellion and “Massacre” in Los Palos ? 5
Japanese Collaborators - and the Native Head Tax
5
Concern at “Indonesian Nationalism” 7
Incursion Fears on the South Coast 9
Relations with Indonesia – Major Meneses Recalled 10
Chinese Communists ? 11
Malay, Mestiço and Worker Grievances
12
An Appeal to President Sukarno 13
Criticisms from Jakarta
14
The Bandung Conference – 1955
15
The Moluccas, Kisar and Ataúro 16
The Anti-Colonial Movement of Indonesia (GPKI) 17
The “Viqueque Rebellion” – 1959
Inspiration
19
Beginnings
20
The “Ex-Permesta 14”
22
Security Concerns on the Lautem Coast
30
Conditions in the Baucau and Viqueque Circunscrições
31
The Rebel Leadership – and its Direction
33
The Plan
35
Arrests in Dili
38
The “Movimento de Aileu: Paulo de Castro”
39
The Uprising in Viqueque and Baucau 40
Ethno-linguistic Divisions and Violence
53
Casualties and Aftermath 55
Into Exile
59
Imprisoned and Exiled in Lisbon, Angola and Mozambique
63
After-Effects
64
In Exile 66
Some Exiles Return
69
1974-1975 – and Apodeti
71
Rebel Exiles in Africa and Portugal
75
More Exiles Return
75
Recognition, Reunions – and claims against Portugal
76
The Popular Consultation of 1999 – and Militia Group “59/75”
81
Compensation Claims
82
Counting the Exiles
82
Recent Indonesian Interpretations of the Rebellion
83
Continuing Ethnic Violence in Viqueque
84
Threats: The URT-D, Coup Plotters and Indonesia
The Founding Declarations of the Union of the Republic of
Timor Dilly (URT-D)
86
Army Disquiet in Portuguese Timor – a Coup Planned 89
Security Concerns Increase – PIDE Established;
an Australian Treaty Mooted 90
Fears of Indonesian Interest
92
Australia Expresses Concerns
96
The URT-D’s Islamic and Pan-Malay Elements
98
A Question of Indonesian Involvement
100
Indonesian Acts ?
103
Encouragement by the USSR
108
Appeals to the United Nations
109 The “Declaration of Independence”
109
The URT-D Constitution
111
1965 - Sukarno Declares Support; New Order Disinterest
112
More URT-D Letters and Proclamations
115
Mohammad Saleh Akbar (M.S.A.) Balikh - as “Mao Klao”
117
URT-D Activities from 1968
120
Divisions in the URT-D – Alamsyah Hasibuan as “Mao Klao”
121
The “Dawning of Political Consciousness” in Dili
The Movimentos
126
Democratisation in Portuguese Timor – and Apodeti 129
Jakarta-Based Independence Movements React
URT-D’s Reaction in 1974 to “Decolonisation” in Timor
135
Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde) 138
Balikh Takes Control – and a URT-D “East Timor Constitution” 140
Responding to Events in Portuguese Timor 142
Timor Students Association of Central Java and Jogyakarta 146
The Indonesian Invasion and Occupation
>From Infiltration and Raids – to Amphibious/Airborne Attack 147
The URT-D Seeks a Role – and Foreign Support 150
Arrest, Trial and Detention of URT-D Cadre 152
The URT-D’s “Inactive” Decades 154
Towards Independence – and Beyond
M.S.A. Balikh Returns to Timor – October 1999 155
The Timor Post “Proklamasi” Declaration 155
M.S.A. Balich’s “Declaration 1” –
and TIME Timor, October 2007 156
A “new” URT-D –
and the “Greater Timor” (Negara Timor Raya) ? 157
Republica Timor Tasi Mane (RTTM) – Short-lived Separatism 159
Summary and Discussion
Los Palos Uprising and Massacre 160
The 1959 Viqueque Rebellion 160
The Union of the Republic of Timor-Dilly (URT-D)
164
Silvestre Martins Nai Buti Seço
169
Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
169
Indonesian Involvement
170
Apodeti Preferred
172
Resurrection ?
173
A Future History
174
--------------------------------------------------------
Annexes:
A. Map - Circunscrição de Viqueque
B. Sejarah Perjuangan Timor-Timur Untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas
(History of the East Timor Struggle for Senior High School), Anhar
Gonggong & Susanto Zuhdi, Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Umum,
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1992 - translated
extract (English).
C. Araújo, A. (Armando) L.J. de, O Célebre Massacré de Uato-Lari e
Uato-Carbau Verificado no Ano de 1959 (The Truth of the Infamous Massacre at
Uatolari and Uato-Carabau in 1959), Jakarta/Kupang, 1974 – including:
Araújo, A. (Armando) L.J. de (et al), Memorandum – Assunto: Sobre o
acontecimento ocorrido em 7 de Junhe (sic) de 1959, na Cirrcunscriçõe (sic)
de Viqueque – Timor (Memorandum – Report: On the event that occurred on 7
June 1959 in the Circumscription of Viqueque - Timor), six pages, Cólonia
Penal do Bié (Angola), 21 April 1960.
D. Deportees – 1959 Rebellion
E. Costa, F.A.S. da, Os Nomes dos Detidos Timorenses para Angola do Ano
de 1959 (The Names of the Timorese Detainees in Angola in 1959), Silva Porto
(Bié, Angola), 6 June 1960 – in Portuguese (initialled/authenticated by
Evaristo da Costa, Salem Musalam Sagran, Frederico Almeida Santos da Costa
and Juman bin Basirun).
F. TERJEMAHAN: Pejuang Perintis Integrasi Timor Timur Ke Dalam Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (TRANSLATION: Pioneer Fighters for the
Integration of East Timor into the Unitary Republic of Indonesia), Dili, 8
December 1995 - in Bahasa Indonesia with an English translation.
G. Pinto, L. dos Santos, Certidão - Estado-Maior General das Forças
Armadas Serviço de Coordenação de Extinção da PIDE/DGS e LP (Armed Forces
Chief of Staff’s Office for the Coordination of the Disbandment of the
PIDE/DGS & LP) Lisbon, 22 March 1983 – in Portuguese.
H. Second Announcement: Freedom Throughout Timor-Dilly ! – Drive the
Portuguese into the Sea !, Liberation Bureau – Union of the Republic of
Timor-Dilly, 10 December 1960 – in English.
I. The Declaration of Independence, Batugade, 9 April 1961 – in
English, with the stamp of the URT-D Foreign Ministry in Bahasa.
J. Constitution, Batugade, 4 May 1965 - in English.
K. Menyambut hangat atas akan Merdeka Nya Papua dan New Guinea
1967 ini, (Warmly welcoming the forthcoming Independence of Papua
and New Guinea in 1967), URT-D, Nr. III/Prespu-URT/IV/67,
Batugade, 2 April 1967 – in Bahasa Melayu.
L. Pernyataan Sambutan – Menyambut Missi Adam Malic (sic) kembali
dengan succes dari Pacific (Congratulatory Statement – Welcoming Adam Malik
on his Return from a Successful Mission in the Pacific), Number
019/PP-URT/VI/68, URT-D, Djakarta, 26 April 1968 – in Bahasa Melayu.
M. Hubungan Diplomatic dan kerjasama menuju Melanesia Raya yang jaya
(Diplomatic relations and cooperation towards a glorious Greater Melanesia),
Number 0545/ZULK/Prespu-URT/1392 H/1972 M., Batugade, 8 December 1972
(Letter to H.E. Mr Somare, Chief Minister, Papua New Guinea) in Bahasa
Melayu.
N. Pernyataan Kemerdekaan (Declaration of Independence), 9 April 1961 –
in Bahasa Melayu.
O. Timor Merdeka (Independent Timor), 18 August 1963, (“Anthem” of the
URT-D) – in Bahasa Melayu.
P. Timor Union Republic (Union of the Republic of Timor), (A-4 copy of
original A-3 size map of Timor Island with inserted photograph of “A. Mao
Klao”).
Q. Note – Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
to United Nations Secretary General, 14/VII/V/FC/74, 10 July 1974 (less
Memorandum attachment) – in English.
R. Pernyataan Dukungan (Statement of Support), Codes Timde
01/ICT/XII/74, Tanjung Priok – Jakarta, 23 December 1974 – in Bahasa
Indonesia.
S. Pernyataan situasi di Timport (Statement on the Situation in
Portuguese Timor), No: 0128/PP-URTD/VIII/75, Jakarta, 30 August 1975 – in
Bahasa Indonesia with English translation.
T. Surat - Keputusan Tentang Perobahan Status Pembebasan Para
Tahanan/Tawanan Peristiwa U.R.T. (Unie Republik Timor) Dari Bebas –
Dikenakan Wajib Lapor Menjadi Bebas Penuh (Directive on the Change of
Release Status for Detainees of the U.R.T. Affair (United Republic of Timor)
from Released with Reporting Status to Full Release), Kopkamtib, Jakarta, 11
August 1976 – in Bahasa Indonesia with English translation.
U. Memproklamasikan: Kemerdekaan Timor Timur (Proclamation of the
Independence of East Timor), Batugade, 9 April 1961 – in Bahasa Indonesia
with English translation.
V. Surat Pernyataan I (Letter of Declaration I), Mau Klao M.S.A.
Balich,
Gugleur – Maubara, Timor Leste,19 April 2007 – in Bahasa Indonesia with
English translation.
Bibliography
Union of the Republic of Timor-Dilly (URT-D) –
Documents Reviewed
Indonesian Official Documents Reviewed
Collective Democratic Students of Timor Delly (Codes Timde)
-
Documents Reviewed
Books
Selected Internet Websites/“Blogs”
Selected Reports and Articles
Bu Wilson
Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet)
College of Asia and the Pacific, RSPAS
Australian National University
Canberra ACT 0200
AUSTRALIA
T: 02 6125 3194
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M: 0407 087 086
E: Bu.Wilson at anu.edu.au
http://regnet.anu.edu.au
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